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Standards
- Standards ensure safe operations with respect to other electrical and radio equipment and guaranty interoperability
between different manufacturers readers and tags. Recently ISO 18000 has been globally accepted because they harmonize
all the main frequencies used.
- 13,56 MHz high frequency is regulated by two international standards: ISO/IEC 14443 and ISO/IEC 15693
(ISO 18000-3).
ISO 14443 controls proximity communications (in particular it refers to proximity smart cards type A and B), with maximum
reading distance up to 10 cm. Thanks to the introduction of ISO 15963 the protocol has been simplified and maximum
reading distances up to 1 metre have been reached (vicinity communications).
- Recently ISO 18000-6 has been introduced to regulate UH frequencies (860-930MHz). Last generation transponders
(so-called UHF) belong to this range and they have been specifically designed for applications in transports and logistics.
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